Vías de desarrollo del apego desorganizado: maltrato y cuidados tempranos alterados
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https://doi.org/10.31766/revpsij.v39n2a4Palabras clave:
apego desorganizado, vínculo, abuso, trauma, interacciones alteradasResumen
Este artículo expone las vías de desarrollo del apego desorganizado. Para este cometido en una primera parte se aclara la diferencia entre apego desorganizado y trastorno reactivo de la vinculación que con frecuencia se confunden. A continuación, se expondrán las pruebas para valorar el apego desorganizado a distintas edades y los indicadores que mejor lo identifican.
La última parte del artículo expone las distintas rutas evolutivas que conducen al apego desorganizado. Éstas se han clasificado fundamentalmente en tres categorías: maltrato directo, estados mentales parentales y conductas parentales de riesgo. Como se verá a lo largo de su lectura, el desarrollo de un apego desorganizado es el resultado de distintas rutas evolutivas que en los últimos años se han ido esclareciendo y comprendiendo mejor. Estas distintas rutas no son independientes, sino que en muchas ocasiones convergen y se influyen mutuamente, lo que complejiza el desarrollo de estrategias de apego organizadas en el niño y el adolescente. La comprensión de estas rutas tiene aplicación clínica directa sobre los programas de prevención y tratamiento del maltrato infantil, así como al abordaje y tratamiento de la psicopatología del desarrollo. Esto plantea una necesaria formación de los psiquiatras en la evaluación y tratamiento de interacciones paterno-filiales perturbadas.
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