Depersonalization in childhood: a case report
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Published
2015-03-27
How to Cite
Rodríguez Jiménez, E., Ordovás, M., & Burgos, R. (2015). Depersonalization in childhood: a case report. Revista De Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, 32(1), 59–66. Retrieved from https://aepnya.eu/index.php/revistaaepnya/article/view/115
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Section
Case reports
Keywords:
Depersonalization, childhoodAbstract
Depersonalization is a common phenomenon but poorly studied and probably underdiagnosed, due in part to the difficulties that patients found to express their experiences. These difficulties are probably greater in children and it makes that this disorder is rarely studied in this population. From a Case Report of a twelve year old boy who is diagnosed with this disorder, we revise the published literature of depersonalization in childhood.
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References
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2. Krishaber M. La Névropathie Cérébro-Cardiaque. Paris: Masson; 1873.
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11. Bourgeois, M. et al. Dépersonnalisation, syndrome de Cotard et virage maniaque sous benzodiazépine. Á propos de deux observations. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 1986; 144: 174-182.
12. Snaith, P., Clinical Neurosis, Nueva York, Oxford University, 1991 (2ª ed.).
13. Shimuzi M, Sakamoto S. Depersonalization in early ado1escence. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology. 1986; 40: 603-608.
14. Sierra-Siegert M. La despersonalización: aspectos clínicos y neurobiológicos. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría 2008; 17 (1): 40-55.
15. Sánchez de las Matas Dávila J. Ansiedad, depresión, estrés en despersonalización y desrealización. Actas Luso-Esp Neurol Psiquiatr 1993; 22 (6): 270-6.
16. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. En Kaplan & Sadock. Trastornos disociativos. Sinopsis de psiquiatría. 10ª ed. 2009, p 665-679.
17. Bebbington P, Hurry J, Tennant C, Sturt E, Wing JK. Epidemiology of mental disorders in Camberwell. Psychol Med. 1981; 11 (3): 561–579.
18. Michal M, Wiltink J, Subic-Wrana C, Zwerenz R, Tuin I, Lichy M, Brahler E, Beutel ME. Prevalence, correlates, and predictors of depersonalization experiences in the German general population. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009; 197 (7): 499–506.
19. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Dissociative disorders among adults in the community, impaired functioning, and axis I and II comorbidity. J Psychiatr Res. 2006; 40 (2): 131–140.
20. Catell JP, Catell JS. Depersonalization: psychological and social perspectives. En: arieti S, Brody EB, editores. American handbook of psychiatry, 2.ª ed, vol III. New York: Basic Books, 1974; p. 767-99.
21. Kenna JC, Sedman G. Depersonalization in temporal lobe epilepsy and the organic psychoses. Br J Psychiatry. 1965; 111: 293–299.
22. Lambert MV, Sierra M, Phillips ML, David AS. The spectrum of organic depersonalization: review plus four new cases. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002; 14: 141–154.
23. Sierra M, Berrios G. Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 898-908.
24. Michal M, Beutel ME, Jordan J, Zimmermann M, Wolters S, et al. Depersonalization, mindfulness, and childhood trauma. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007; 195 (8): 693-6.
25. Simeon D, Guralnik O, Schmeidler J, Sirof B, Knutelska M. The role of childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158 (7): 1027-33.
26. Shimizu M, Sakamoto S. Depersonalization in early adolescence. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1986; 40 (4): 603-8.
27. Sierra M. Despersonalización: aspectos psicopatológicos. En: Luque R, Villagrán JM, editores. Psicopatología descriptiva: nuevas tendencias. Madrid: Trotta; 2000. p. 249-63.
28. Molina Castillo, J. J. (2008). Adaptación y Validación al Castellano de la Escala de Despersonalización de Cambridge. Tesis de Doctorado para la obtención del título de Doctor en Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España.
29. Michal M, Duven E, Giralt S, Dreier M, Müller KW, Adler J, Beutel ME, Wölfling.K. Prevalence and correlates of depersonalization in students aged 12-18 years in Germany. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014 Sep 9.
30. Baker D, Hunter E, Lawrence E, Medford N, Patel M, Senior C, et al. Depersonalisation disorder: clinical features of 204 cases. Br J Psychiatr 2003; 182: 428-33.
31. Simeon D, Gross S, Guralnik O, Stein DJ, Schmeider J, Hollander E. Feelin unreal: 30 cases of DSM-III-R depersonalization disorder. AM J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1107-13.
32. Aliyev, N.A. & Aliyev, Z.N. Lamotrigine in the immediate treatment of outpatients with depersonalization disorder without psychiatric comorbidity: randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011; 31 (1): 61-5.
33. Sierra M, Phillips ML, Ivin G, Krystal J, David AS. A placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of lamotrigine in depersonalization disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2003; 17 (1): 103-5.
34. Gentile JP, Dillon KS, Gillig PM. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for patients with dissociative identity disorder. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2013; 10 (2): 22-9.
35. Hunter EC, Baker D, Phillips ML, Sierra M, David AS. Cognitive-behaviour therapy for depersonalisation disorder: an open study. Behav Res Ther. 2005; 43 (9): 1121-30.
36. (ADES) Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability and validity of a dissociation scale. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1986; 174: 727–735.
37. Icarán E, Colom R, Orengo F. “Experiencias disociativas: una escala de medida.” Anuario de psicología. The UB Journal of psychology. 1996; 70: 69-84.
38. Putnam FW, Helmers K, Trickett PK. Development, reliability, and validity of a child dissociation scale. Child Abuse Negl. 1993; 17 (6): 731-41.
39. Silberg JL. Dissociative symptomatology in children and adolescents as displayed on psychological testing. J Pers Assess. 1998; 71 (3): 421-39.
40. Sierra M, Berrios GE. The Cambridge Depersonalization Scale: a new instrument for the measurement of depersonalization. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 93 (2): 153-64.
41. Coons PM. The dissociative disorders. Rarely considered and underdiagnosed. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998; 21 (3): 637-48.
42. Chee KT, Wong KE. Depersonalization syndrome-a report of 9 cases. Singapore Med J. 1990; 31 (4): 331-4.
43. Sierra M. Depersonalization disorder: pharmacological approaches. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008; 8 (1): 19-26.
44. Salgado A, Oliveira L, Sierra-Siegert M, Salgado JV. Depersonalization and derealization syndrome: report on a case study and pharmacological management. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2012; 34 (4): 505-8.
45. ?ar V. The many faces of dissociation: opportunities for innovative research in psychiatry. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2014; 12 (3): 171-9.
46. Gentile JP, Snyder M, Marie Gillig P. Stress and trauma: Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014; 11 (7-8): 37-41.
2. Krishaber M. La Névropathie Cérébro-Cardiaque. Paris: Masson; 1873.
3. Dugas L. Un cas de dépersonnalisation. Revue Philosophique de Paris et l’Étranger 1898; 45: 500-507.
4. Vallejo J. Trastornos de angustia. En Vallejo Ruiloba J. (dir). Introducción a la psicopatología y a la psiquiatría. 6ª ed. Barcelona. Elsevier. 2006, p 373 -387.
5. Sedman G. An investigation of certain factors concerned in the aetiology of depersonalisation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1972; 48: 191-219.
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3ª ed, rev. Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revisión), 1ª ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 2002.
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5ª ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
9. CIE-10. Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento. Descripciones clínicas y pautas de comportamiento. Madrid: Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1992.
10. Edwards, JG.; Angus, JWS. Depersonalization. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1972; 120: 242-244.
11. Bourgeois, M. et al. Dépersonnalisation, syndrome de Cotard et virage maniaque sous benzodiazépine. Á propos de deux observations. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 1986; 144: 174-182.
12. Snaith, P., Clinical Neurosis, Nueva York, Oxford University, 1991 (2ª ed.).
13. Shimuzi M, Sakamoto S. Depersonalization in early ado1escence. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology. 1986; 40: 603-608.
14. Sierra-Siegert M. La despersonalización: aspectos clínicos y neurobiológicos. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría 2008; 17 (1): 40-55.
15. Sánchez de las Matas Dávila J. Ansiedad, depresión, estrés en despersonalización y desrealización. Actas Luso-Esp Neurol Psiquiatr 1993; 22 (6): 270-6.
16. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. En Kaplan & Sadock. Trastornos disociativos. Sinopsis de psiquiatría. 10ª ed. 2009, p 665-679.
17. Bebbington P, Hurry J, Tennant C, Sturt E, Wing JK. Epidemiology of mental disorders in Camberwell. Psychol Med. 1981; 11 (3): 561–579.
18. Michal M, Wiltink J, Subic-Wrana C, Zwerenz R, Tuin I, Lichy M, Brahler E, Beutel ME. Prevalence, correlates, and predictors of depersonalization experiences in the German general population. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009; 197 (7): 499–506.
19. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Dissociative disorders among adults in the community, impaired functioning, and axis I and II comorbidity. J Psychiatr Res. 2006; 40 (2): 131–140.
20. Catell JP, Catell JS. Depersonalization: psychological and social perspectives. En: arieti S, Brody EB, editores. American handbook of psychiatry, 2.ª ed, vol III. New York: Basic Books, 1974; p. 767-99.
21. Kenna JC, Sedman G. Depersonalization in temporal lobe epilepsy and the organic psychoses. Br J Psychiatry. 1965; 111: 293–299.
22. Lambert MV, Sierra M, Phillips ML, David AS. The spectrum of organic depersonalization: review plus four new cases. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002; 14: 141–154.
23. Sierra M, Berrios G. Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 898-908.
24. Michal M, Beutel ME, Jordan J, Zimmermann M, Wolters S, et al. Depersonalization, mindfulness, and childhood trauma. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007; 195 (8): 693-6.
25. Simeon D, Guralnik O, Schmeidler J, Sirof B, Knutelska M. The role of childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158 (7): 1027-33.
26. Shimizu M, Sakamoto S. Depersonalization in early adolescence. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1986; 40 (4): 603-8.
27. Sierra M. Despersonalización: aspectos psicopatológicos. En: Luque R, Villagrán JM, editores. Psicopatología descriptiva: nuevas tendencias. Madrid: Trotta; 2000. p. 249-63.
28. Molina Castillo, J. J. (2008). Adaptación y Validación al Castellano de la Escala de Despersonalización de Cambridge. Tesis de Doctorado para la obtención del título de Doctor en Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España.
29. Michal M, Duven E, Giralt S, Dreier M, Müller KW, Adler J, Beutel ME, Wölfling.K. Prevalence and correlates of depersonalization in students aged 12-18 years in Germany. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014 Sep 9.
30. Baker D, Hunter E, Lawrence E, Medford N, Patel M, Senior C, et al. Depersonalisation disorder: clinical features of 204 cases. Br J Psychiatr 2003; 182: 428-33.
31. Simeon D, Gross S, Guralnik O, Stein DJ, Schmeider J, Hollander E. Feelin unreal: 30 cases of DSM-III-R depersonalization disorder. AM J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1107-13.
32. Aliyev, N.A. & Aliyev, Z.N. Lamotrigine in the immediate treatment of outpatients with depersonalization disorder without psychiatric comorbidity: randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011; 31 (1): 61-5.
33. Sierra M, Phillips ML, Ivin G, Krystal J, David AS. A placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of lamotrigine in depersonalization disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2003; 17 (1): 103-5.
34. Gentile JP, Dillon KS, Gillig PM. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for patients with dissociative identity disorder. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2013; 10 (2): 22-9.
35. Hunter EC, Baker D, Phillips ML, Sierra M, David AS. Cognitive-behaviour therapy for depersonalisation disorder: an open study. Behav Res Ther. 2005; 43 (9): 1121-30.
36. (ADES) Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability and validity of a dissociation scale. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1986; 174: 727–735.
37. Icarán E, Colom R, Orengo F. “Experiencias disociativas: una escala de medida.” Anuario de psicología. The UB Journal of psychology. 1996; 70: 69-84.
38. Putnam FW, Helmers K, Trickett PK. Development, reliability, and validity of a child dissociation scale. Child Abuse Negl. 1993; 17 (6): 731-41.
39. Silberg JL. Dissociative symptomatology in children and adolescents as displayed on psychological testing. J Pers Assess. 1998; 71 (3): 421-39.
40. Sierra M, Berrios GE. The Cambridge Depersonalization Scale: a new instrument for the measurement of depersonalization. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 93 (2): 153-64.
41. Coons PM. The dissociative disorders. Rarely considered and underdiagnosed. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998; 21 (3): 637-48.
42. Chee KT, Wong KE. Depersonalization syndrome-a report of 9 cases. Singapore Med J. 1990; 31 (4): 331-4.
43. Sierra M. Depersonalization disorder: pharmacological approaches. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008; 8 (1): 19-26.
44. Salgado A, Oliveira L, Sierra-Siegert M, Salgado JV. Depersonalization and derealization syndrome: report on a case study and pharmacological management. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2012; 34 (4): 505-8.
45. ?ar V. The many faces of dissociation: opportunities for innovative research in psychiatry. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2014; 12 (3): 171-9.
46. Gentile JP, Snyder M, Marie Gillig P. Stress and trauma: Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014; 11 (7-8): 37-41.
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