Caracterización neuropsicológica de la memoria en prematuros

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2011-03-30

Cómo citar

Quintero Fuentes, I., & Hernández Expósito, S. (2011). Caracterización neuropsicológica de la memoria en prematuros. Revista De Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, 28(1), 74–88. Recuperado a partir de https://aepnya.eu/index.php/revistaaepnya/article/view/181

Número

Sección

Artículo de revisión

Autores/as

  • Itziar Quintero Fuentes Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna
  • Sergio Hernández Expósito Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna

Palabras clave:

Edad gestacional, memoria, neuropsicología infantil, prematuridad, revisión

Resumen

La salud de la mayor parte del mundo desarrollado ha mejorado de forma significativa en años recientes gracias a los avances médicos y sociales, incluyendo mejoras diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Sin embargo, en este mismo mundo desarrollado un problema importante de salud pública no sólo no disminuye, sino al contrario, se incrementa. Se trata de la prematuridad. En efecto, la prematuridad representa un problema sociosanitario de primer orden, probablemente debido a las elevadas tasas de prevalencia que se registran actualmente (10% en España). Según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), en el año 2008 nacieron en España 519.779 niños, de los cuales 40.501 lo hicieron de forma prematura. Las causas de la prematuridad son multifactoriales y complejas, incluyendo infecciones, inflamaciones, enfermedad vascular, estrés y embarazos múltiples espontáneos o derivados de la reproducción asistida. A éstas hemos de añadirles factores de naturaleza socioeconómica (acceso a los cuidados prenatales), conducta materna durante la gestación (consumo de drogas y/o alcohol), e interacciones genética-ambiente. Dilucidar los mecanismos subyacentes que conducen a la prematuridad es una tarea ardua en la que están inmersos en la actualidad un número importante de investigadores de diversas disciplinas a nivel mundial. No obstante, la relación prematuridad-alteraciones neurológicas-repercusiones cognitivoconductuales a largo plazo dista de estar establecida de forma consistente. En este contexto, la Neuropsicología se muestra como un acercamiento válido y fiable para el estudio de los déficits cognitivos, así como del sustrato anatomopatológico generalmente identificado en la prematuridad.

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