Lisdexanfetamina en nin?os y adolescentes con trastorno por de?ficit de atencio?n e hiperactividad (TDAH): una revisio?n sistema?tica global
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2015-03-27
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Herreros, Óscar, Díaz Atienza, F., Gastaminza, X., Monzón, J., Rubio, B., & Muñoz, A. (2015). Lisdexanfetamina en nin?os y adolescentes con trastorno por de?ficit de atencio?n e hiperactividad (TDAH): una revisio?n sistema?tica global. Revista De Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, 32(1), 7–30. Recuperado a partir de https://www.aepnya.eu/index.php/revistaaepnya/article/view/111
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Palabras clave:
lisdexanfetamina, niños, adolescentes, TDAH, farmacocinética, farmacodinámica, seguridad, tolerabilidad, eficaciaResumen
El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos más frecuentes en Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, y muy habitualmente requiere tratamiento farmacológico dentro de su plan terapéutico. Dentro de estos, desde hace cerca de un año se dispone en España de la lisdexanfetamina, novedoso tanto por ser una anfetamina como por ser un profármaco.
Objetivo: revisar y resumir la evidencia existente sobre lisdexanfetamina y su uso en niños y adolescentes afectos de TDAH.
Método: búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva en PubMed con los siguientes términos: lisdexamfetamine, OR lisdexamphetamine, OR lisdexanfetamina.
Resultados: la lisdexanfetamina es un profármaco seguro, con un perfil de efectos adversos similar al de los otros tratamientos farmacológicos del TDAH conocidos, y muy eficaz para su tratamiento en niños y adolescentes, con un bajo potencial de abuso y uso inadecuado, y una respuesta clínica estable y prolongada a lo largo del día.
Limitaciones: Aunque es un fármaco con eficacia y seguridad conocida en sus casi 9 años de comercialización en EEUU y su principio activo fue uno de los primeros en usarse para el tratamiento del TDAH, precisa llevar a cabo estudios prospectivos con horizontes temporales más amplios que los actuales, que contemplen seguridad y eficacia a largo plazo, eficacia frente a otros tratamientos en TDAH, y su uso en el paciente real.
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3. Catalá-López F, Peiró S, Ridao M, Sanfélix-Gimeno G, Génova-Maleras R, Catalá MA. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Spain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. BMC Psychiatry 2012, 12:168-180.
4. Jensen PS, Martin D, Cantwell DP. Comorbidity in ADHD: Implications for Research, Practice, and DSM-V. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 1065-1079.
5. Anderson JC, Williams S, McGee R, Silva PA. DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 69-76.
6. Offord DR. Boyle MH, Szatmari P et al. Ontario Child Health Study, II: six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 832-836.
7. Offord DR, Boyle MH, Racine Y. Ontario Child Health Study: correlates of disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989; 28: 856-860.
8. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) en Niños y Adolescentes. Plan de Calidad para el Sistema Nacional de Salud del Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social. Agència d´Avaluació de Tecnologia i Recerca Mèdiques; 2010. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS: AATRM Nº 2007/18.
9. CADDRA (Canadian Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder Resource Alliance). Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines, third edition, Toronto ON; CADDRA, 2011. Disponible en: http://www.caddra.ca/practice-guidelines/download
10. Swanson J. Compliance with stimulants for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: issues and approaches for improvement. CNS Drugs 2003; 17: 117-131.
11. Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, Castells X, Valero S, Nogueira M, Gomez N et al. Effect of switching drug formulations from immediate-release to extended-release OROS methylphenidate: a chart review of Spanish adults with attention deficithyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2008; 7: 603-611.
12. Robledo P. Las anfetaminas. Trastornos Adictivos 2008; 10: 166-174.
13. Bradley Ch. The behaviour of children receiving Benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry 1937; 94: 577-585.
14. Gross MD. A comparison of d-amphetamine and racemic-amphetamine in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome or minimal brain dysfunction. Dis Nerv Sys 1976; 37: 14-16.
15. Heal DJ, Smith ShL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ. Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharm 2013; 27: 479-496.
16. Scorza MC, Carrau C, Silveira R, Zapata-Torres G, Cassels BK, Reyes-Parada M. Monoamine oxidase properties of some methoxilated and alkylthio amphetamine derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54: 1361-1369.
17. Barkley RA. Etiologies of ADHD. En: Barkley RA. (ed.). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A Handbook for diagnosis & treatment. New York: The Guilford Press; 2015. Pp. 356-390.
18. Daughton J, Kratochvil Ch. Stimulants. En: Martin A, Scahill L, Kratochvill ChJ (eds.). Pediatric psychopharmacology. Principles and practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. Pp. 251-262.
19. Boellner SW, Stark JG, Krishnan S, Zhang Y. Pharmacokinetics of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its active metabolite, d-amphetamine, with increasing oral doses of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study. Clin Ther 2010; 32: 252-264.
20. Cabrera S, Diez-Torrubia A. Profármacos: pasado, presente y future. An Quim 2010; 106: 207-214.
21. Pennick M. Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2010; 6: 317-327.
22. Krishnan S, Zhang Y. Relative bioavailability of lisdexamfetamine 70 mg capsules in fasted and fed healthy adult volunteers and in solution: a single-dose, crossover pharmacokinetic study. J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 48: 293-302.
23. Najib J. The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a progrug of d-amphetamine for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adults. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 142-176.
24. Rowley HL, Kulkarni R, Gosden J, Brammer R, Hackett D, Heal DJ. Lisdexamfetamine and immediate release d-amfetamine - differences in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships revealed by striatal microdialysis in freely-moving rats with simultaneous determination of plasma drug concentrations and locomotor activity. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63: 1064-1074.
25. Madaan V, Kolli V, Bestha DP, Shah MJ. Update on optimal use of lisdexamfetamine in the treatment of ADHD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9: 977-983.
26. Krishnan S, Moncrief S. An evaluation of the cytochrome p450 inhibition potential of lisdexamfetamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2007a; 35: 180-184.
27. Jasinski DR, Krishnan S. Abuse liability and safety of oral lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in individuals with a history of stimulant abuse. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23: 419-427.
28. Popovic B, Bhattacharya P, Sivaswamy L. Lisdexamfetamine: a prodrug for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2009; 66: 2005-2012.
29. Krishnan S, Montcrief S. Toxicity profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in three independent rat toxicology studies. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007b; 101: 231-240.
30. Ramos-Quiroga JA, Casas M. Achieving remission as a routine goal of pharmacotherapy in attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2011; 25: 17-36.
31. Gandía-Benetó R, Mulas F, Roca P, Ortiz-Sánchez P, Abad-Mas L. Cambio en la estrategia terapéutica ante una respuesta inadecuada al tratamiento farmacológico para el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad. Rev Neurol 2015; 60 (supl 1): S13-S18.
32. Biederman J, Boellner SW, Childress A, Lopez FA, Krishnan S, Zhang Y. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and mixed amphetamine salts extendedrelease in children with ADHD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over analog classroom study. Biol Psychiatry 2007a; 62: 970-976.
33. Biederman J, Krishnan S, Zhang Y, McGough JJ, Findling RL. Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (NRP-104) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, forced-dose, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2007b; 29: 450-463.
34. Findling RL, Ginsberg LD, Jain R, Gao J. Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an openlabel, dose-optimization study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 649-662.
35. Wigal SB, Kollins SH, Childress AC, Adeyi B. Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: sex and age effects and effect size across the day. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2010; 4: 32.
36. Wigal SB, Wong AA, Jun A, Stehli A, Steinberg-Epstein R, Lerner MA. Adverse events in medication treatment-naïve children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a small, controlled trial of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2012a; 22: 149-156.
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