La importancia del apoyo social en la intervención con víctimas de abuso sexual infantil: una revisión teórica
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2011-04-30
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Pereda, N. (2011). La importancia del apoyo social en la intervención con víctimas de abuso sexual infantil: una revisión teórica. Revista De Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, 28(4), 44–53. Recuperado a partir de https://www.aepnya.eu/index.php/revistaaepnya/article/view/213
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Artículo de revisión
Palabras clave:
Abuso sexual, apoyo social, intervención terapéutica, resiliencia, psicológicaResumen
Se presenta una revisión teórica de la importancia de la evaluación e implementación del apoyo social en la intervención con víctimas de abuso sexual, al ser éste un componente fundamental de la resiliencia que presentan ciertos individuos ante esta experiencia y dada su importancia en el pronóstico del tratamiento. La mayoría de estudios llevados a cabo en esta área constatan la elevada frecuencia de reacciones negativas y culpabilizadoras por parte del entorno de la víctima ante la revelación del abuso aumentando el riesgo de sintomatología psicológica, así como dificultando la efectividad de los tratamientos aplicados. Es necesario incluir, como parte integral del proceso de intervención, aquellas fuentes de apoyo que la víctima valora como relevantes, realizar estudios empíricos nacionales que permitan observar el efecto de esta variable en víctimas de abuso sexual infantil de nuestro país y desarrollar instrumentos para evaluarla, permitiendo comparaciones con otros contextos y observando la existencia de posibles diferencias culturales.
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11. Mendelsohn M., Sewell KW. Social attitudes toward traumatized men and women: A vignette study. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2004, 17: 103- 111.
12. Feiring C, Coates DL, Taska LS. Ethnic status, stigmatization, support, and symptoms development following sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2001, 16: 1307-1329.
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45. Powers A, Ressler KJ, Bradley RG. The protective role of friendship on the effects of childhood abuse and depression. Depression and Anxiety. 2009, 26: 46-53.
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56. Osborne LN, Rhodes JE. The role of life stress and social support in the adjustment of sexually victimized pregnant and parenting minority adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2001, 29: 833-849.
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60. Brand BL, Alexander PC. Coping with incest: The relationship between recollections of childhood coping and adult functioning in female survivors of incest. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2003, 16: 285-293.
61. Wolfe DA, Jaffe PG, Jetté JL. The impact of child abuse in community institutions and organizations: Advancing professional and scientific understanding. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2003, 10: 179-191.
62. Golding JM, Wilsnack JC, Cooper ML. Sexual assault history and social support: Six general population studies. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2002, 15: 187-197.
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64. Korol S. Familial and social support as protective factors against the development of dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2008, 9: 249-267.
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2. Aneshensel CS, Stone JD. Stress and depression: A test of the buffering model of social support. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982, 39: 1392- 1396.
3. Runtz MG, Schallow JR. Social support and coping strategies as mediators of adult adjustment following childhood maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1997, 21: 211-226.
4. Jorgensen RS, Johnson JH. Contributors to the appraisal of major life changes: Gender, perceived controllability, sensation seeking, strain, and social support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1990, 20: 1123-1138.
5. Cobb S. Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1976, 38: 300- 314.
6. Denkers A. Factors affecting support after criminal victimization: Needed and received support from partner, the social network, and distant support providers. Journal of Social Psychology. 1999, 139: 191-201.
7. Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development. 2000, 71: 543-562.
8. Freeman KA, Morris TL. A review of conceptual models explaining the effects of child sexual abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2001, 6: 357-373.
9. Rutter M. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. En: J. Rolf, A. N. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, S. Weintraub. Risk and protective factors in development of psychopathology (pp. 179-304). Cambridge: University Press. 1990.
10. Ullman SE. Social reactions to child sexual abuse disclosures: A review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2001, 12: 89-121.
11. Mendelsohn M., Sewell KW. Social attitudes toward traumatized men and women: A vignette study. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2004, 17: 103- 111.
12. Feiring C, Coates DL, Taska LS. Ethnic status, stigmatization, support, and symptoms development following sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2001, 16: 1307-1329.
13. Elliot AN, Carnes CN. Reactions of nonoffending parents to the sexual abuse of their child: A review of the literature. Child Maltreatment, 2001; 6: 314-331.
14. Stroud DD. Familial support as perceived by adult victims of childhood sexual abuse. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 1999, 11: 159-175.
15. Jonzon E., Lindblad F. Disclosure, reactions, and social support: Findings from a sample of adult victims of child sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment. 2004; 9:190-200.
16. Jonzon E., Lindblad F. Adult female victims of child sexual abuse: Multitype maltreatment and disclosure characteristics related to subjective health. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2005, 20: 651-666.
17. Ullman SE. Do social reactions to sexual assault victims vary by support provider? Violence and Victims. 1996, 11: 143-157.
18. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company. 1984.
19. Classen C, Field NP, Koopman C, Nevill-Manning K, Spiegel D. Interpersonal problems and their relationship to sexual revictimization among women sexually abused in childhood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2001, 16: 495-509.
20. Yap MBH, Devilly GJ. The role of perceived social support in crime victimization. Clinical Psychology Review. 2004, 24: 1-14.
21. Gracia E, Herrero J, Musitu G. Evaluación de recursos y estresores en la comunidad. Madrid: Editorial Síntesis. 2002.
22. Muller RT, Goh HH, Lemieux KE, Fish S. The social supports of high-risk, formerly maltreated adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/ Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement. 2000, 32: 1-5.
23. Hyman SM, Gold SN, Cott MA. Forms of social support that moderate PTSD in childhood sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Family Violence. 2003, 18: 295-300.
24. Jonzon E, Lindblad F. Risk factors and protective factors in relation to subjective health among adult female victims of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2006, 30: 127-143.
25. Morrison NC, Clavenna-Valleroy J. Perceptions of maternal support as related to self-concept and self-report of depression in sexually abused female adolescents. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 1998, 7: 23-40.
26. Muller RT, Lemieux KE. Social support, attachment, and psychopathology in high risk formerly maltreated adults. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2000, 24: 883-900.
27. Testa M, Miller BA, Downs WR, Panek D. The moderating impact of social support following childhood sexual abuse. Violence and Victims. 1992, 7: 173-186.
28. O’Leary PJ. Men who were sexually abused in childhood: Coping strategies and comparisons in psychological functioning. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2009, 33: 471-479.
29. Steel J, Sanna L, Hammond B, Whipple J, CrossH. Psychological sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Abuse-related characteristics, coping strategies, and attributional style. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2004, 28: 785-801.
30. Bolen RM, Lamb JL. Guardian support of sexually abused children: A study of its predictors. Child Maltreatment. 2002, 7: 265-276.
31. Lynskey MT, Fergusson DM. Factors protecting against the development of adjustment difficulties in young adults exposed to childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1997, 21: 1177-1190.
32. Edwards JJ, Alexander PC. The contribution of family background to the long-term adjustment of women sexually abused as children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1992, 7: 306-320.
33. Luster T, Small SA. Sexual abuse history and problems in adolescence: Exploring the effects of moderating variables. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1997, 59: 131-142.
34. Cross TP, Martell D, McDonald E, Ahl M. The criminal justice system and child placement in child sexual abuse cases. Child Maltreatment. 1999, 4: 32-44.
35. Alaggia R. Balancing acts: Reconceptualizing support in maternal response to intra-familial child sexual abuse. Clinical Social Work Journal. 2002, 30: 41-56.
36. Guelzow JW, Cornett PF, Dougherty TM. Child sexual abuse victims’ perception of paternal support as a significant predictor of coping style and global self-worth. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2002, 11: 53-72.
37. Hiebert-Murphy D. Emotional distress among mothers whose children have been sexually abused: The role of a history of child sexual abuse, social support, and coping. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1998, 22: 423-435.
38. Dyb G, Holen A, Steinberg AM, Rodriguez N, Pynoos RS. Alleged sexual abuse at a day care center: Impact on parents. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2003, 27: 939-950.
39. Avery L, Massat CR, Lundy M. The relationship between parent and child reports of parental supportiveness and psychopathology of sexually abused children. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 1998, 15: 187-205.
40. Leifer M, Kilbane T, Skolnick LI. Relationships between maternal adult attachment security, child perceptions of maternal support, and maternal perceptions of child responses to sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2003, 11: 107-124.
41. Sinclair C, Martínez J. Culpa o responsabilidad: Terapia con madres de niñas y niños que han sufrido abuso sexual. Psykhe. 2006, 15: 25-35.
42. Filipas HH, Ullman SE. Social reactions to sexual assault victims from various support sources. Violence and Victims. 2001, 16: 673-692.
43. Harper K, Stalker CA, Palmer S, Gadbois S. Experiences of adults abused as children after discharge from inpatient treatment: Informal social support and self-care practices related to trauma recovery. Families in Society. 2005, 86: 217-225.
44. Murthi M, Espelage DL. Childhood sexual abuse, social support, and psychological outcomes: A loss framework. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2005, 29: 1215-1231.
45. Powers A, Ressler KJ, Bradley RG. The protective role of friendship on the effects of childhood abuse and depression. Depression and Anxiety. 2009, 26: 46-53.
46. Merrill LL, Thomsen CJ, Sinclair BB, Gold SR, Milner JS. Predicting the impact of child sexual abuse on women: The role of abuse severity, parental support, and coping strategies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001, 69: 992-1006.
47. Rosenthal S, Feiring C, Taska L. Emotional support and adjustment over a year’s time following sexual abuse discovery. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2003, 27: 641-661.
48. Bal S, Crombez G, Van Oost P, De Bourdeaudhuij I. The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2003, 27: 1377- 1395.
49. Feiring C, Taska LS, Lewis M. Social support and children’s and adolescents’ adaptation to sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1998, 13: 240-260.
50. Mason GE, Ullman S, Long SE, Long L, Srarzynski L. Social support and risk of sexual assault revictimization. Journal of Community Psychology. 2009, 37: 58-72.
51. Hanson RF, Resnick HS, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Best CL. Factors related to the reporting of childhood rape. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1999, 23: 559-569.
52. López F. Los abusos sexuales de menores. Lo que recuerdan los adultos. Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales. 1994.
53. Valentine LN, Feinauer LL. Resilience factors associated with female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy. 1993, 21: 216-224.
54. Leitenberg H, Gibson LE, Novy PL. Individual differences among undergraduate women in methods of coping with stressful events: The impact of cumulative childhood stressors and abuse. Child abuse & Neglect. 2004, 28: 181-192.
55. Gibson RL, Hartshorne TS. Childhood sexual abuse and adult loneliness and network orientation. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1996, 20: 1087-1093.
56. Osborne LN, Rhodes JE. The role of life stress and social support in the adjustment of sexually victimized pregnant and parenting minority adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2001, 29: 833-849.
57. Ullman SE, Filipas HH. Gender differences in social reactions to abuse disclosures, post-abuse coping, and PTSD of child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2005, 29: 767-782.
58. Paine ML, Hansen DJ. Factors influencing children to self-disclose sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology Review. 2002, 22: 271-295.
59. O’Leary PJ, Barber JG. Gender differences in silencing following childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2008, 17: 133-143.
60. Brand BL, Alexander PC. Coping with incest: The relationship between recollections of childhood coping and adult functioning in female survivors of incest. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2003, 16: 285-293.
61. Wolfe DA, Jaffe PG, Jetté JL. The impact of child abuse in community institutions and organizations: Advancing professional and scientific understanding. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2003, 10: 179-191.
62. Golding JM, Wilsnack JC, Cooper ML. Sexual assault history and social support: Six general population studies. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2002, 15: 187-197.
63. Campbell R, Ahrens CE, Sefl T, Wasco SM, Barnes HE. Social reactions to rape victims: Healing and hurtful effects on psychological and physical health outcomes. Violence and Victims. 2001, 16: 287-302.
64. Korol S. Familial and social support as protective factors against the development of dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2008, 9: 249-267.
65. Bal S, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Crombez G, Van Oost P. Predictors of trauma symptomatology in sexually abused adolescents: A 6-month follow-up study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2005, 20: 1390-1405.
66. Ullman SE, Townsend SM, Filipas HH, Starzynski LL. Structural models of the relations of assault severity, social support, avoidance coping, self-blame, and PTSD among sexual assault survivors. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2007, 31: 23-37.
67. Esposito CL, Clum GA. Social support and problem-solving as moderators of the relationship between childhood abuse and suicidality: Applications to a delinquent population. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2002, 15: 137-146.
68. Soloff PH, Feske U, Fabio A. Mediators of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2008, 22: 221-232.
69. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP. Predictors of treatment outcome in sexually abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2000, 24: 983-994.
70. Rosen CS, Ouimette PC, Sheikh JI, Gregg JA, Moos RH. Physical and sexual abuse history and addiction treatment outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2002, 63: 683-687.
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