Caracterización neuropsicológica de la memoria en prematuros
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Publicado
2011-03-30
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Quintero Fuentes, I., & Hernández Expósito, S. (2011). Caracterización neuropsicológica de la memoria en prematuros. Revista De Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, 28(1), 74–88. Recuperado a partir de https://www.aepnya.eu/index.php/revistaaepnya/article/view/181
Número
Sección
Artículo de revisión
Palabras clave:
Edad gestacional, memoria, neuropsicología infantil, prematuridad, revisiónResumen
La salud de la mayor parte del mundo desarrollado ha mejorado de forma significativa en años recientes gracias a los avances médicos y sociales, incluyendo mejoras diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Sin embargo, en este mismo mundo desarrollado un problema importante de salud pública no sólo no disminuye, sino al contrario, se incrementa. Se trata de la prematuridad. En efecto, la prematuridad representa un problema sociosanitario de primer orden, probablemente debido a las elevadas tasas de prevalencia que se registran actualmente (10% en España). Según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), en el año 2008 nacieron en España 519.779 niños, de los cuales 40.501 lo hicieron de forma prematura. Las causas de la prematuridad son multifactoriales y complejas, incluyendo infecciones, inflamaciones, enfermedad vascular, estrés y embarazos múltiples espontáneos o derivados de la reproducción asistida. A éstas hemos de añadirles factores de naturaleza socioeconómica (acceso a los cuidados prenatales), conducta materna durante la gestación (consumo de drogas y/o alcohol), e interacciones genética-ambiente. Dilucidar los mecanismos subyacentes que conducen a la prematuridad es una tarea ardua en la que están inmersos en la actualidad un número importante de investigadores de diversas disciplinas a nivel mundial. No obstante, la relación prematuridad-alteraciones neurológicas-repercusiones cognitivoconductuales a largo plazo dista de estar establecida de forma consistente. En este contexto, la Neuropsicología se muestra como un acercamiento válido y fiable para el estudio de los déficits cognitivos, así como del sustrato anatomopatológico generalmente identificado en la prematuridad.
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2. Picard EM, del Dotto JE, Breslau N. Prematurity and low birth weight. En: Yeates KO, Ris MD, Taylor MG (eds.) Pediatric Neuropsychology. New York: The Guilford Press; 2000. pp. 237-251.
3. Tin W, Wariyar U, Hey E. Changing prognosis for babies of less than 28 weeks’ gestation in the north of England between 1983 and 1994. Northern Neonatal Network. BMJ 1997; 314: 107-111.
4. Brothwood M, Wolke D, Gamsu H, Benson J, Cooper D. Prognosis of the very low birthweight baby in relation to gender. Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 559-564.
5. Kraemer S. The fragile male. BMJ 2000; 321: 1609-1612.
6. Johnson S, Fawke J, Hennessy E, Rowell V, Thomas S, Wolke D, Marlow N. Neurodevelopmental disability through 11 years of age in children born before 26 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e249-257.
7. Saigal S, Hoult LA, Streiner DL, Stosko7. pf BL, Rosenbaum PL. School difficulties at adolescence in a regional cohort of children who were extremely low birth weight. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 325-331.
8. Larroque B, Ancel PY, Marret S, Marhand L, André M, Arnaud C et al. Neurodevelopmental disabilities and special care of 5-year-old children born before 33 weeks of gestation (the EPIPAGE study): a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2008; 371: 813-820.
9. Ingemarsson, I. Gender aspects of preterm birth. BJOG 2003; 110 (Suppl 20): 34-8.
10. Portellano JA. Neuropsicología infantil. Madrid: Síntesis SA; 2007.
11. Volpe JJ. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalo pathy. Basic aspects and fetal assessment. En: Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn, fourth ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2001.
12. Rosenberg AA. Neonatal and infants problems of low birth weight. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1991, 3: 8-14.
13. Friedes D. Trastornos del desarrollo. Un enfoque neuropsicológico Ed. Ariel; 2002.
14. Legido A, Valencia I, Katsetos CD. Accidentes vasculares encefálicos en neonatos pretérmino. Rev Neurol 2006; 42 (Supl 3): S23-S38.
15. Peterson BS, Anderson AW, Ehrenkranz R, Staib LH, Tageldin M, Colson E et al. Regional brain volumes and their later neurodevelopmental correlates in term and preterm infants. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 939-948.
16. Giménez M, Junqué C, Narberhaus A, Bargalló N, Botet F, Mercader JM. White matter volume and concentration reductions in adolescents with history of very preterm birth: a voxel-based morphometry study. NeuroImage 2006; 32: 1485-1498.
17. Giménez M, Junqué C, Narberhaus A, Botet F, Bargalló N, Mercader JM. Correlations of thalamic reductions with verbal fluency impairment in those born prematurely. Neuroreport 2006; 17: 463-466.
18. Peterson BS, Vohr B, Staib LH, Cannistraci CJ, Dolberg A, Schneider KC et al. Regional brain volume abnormalities and long-term cognitive outcome in preterm infants. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 284: 1939-1947.
19. Nosarti C, Rushe TM, Woodruff PW, Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Murray RM. Corpus callosum size and very preterm birth: relationship to neuropsychological outcome. Brain 2004; 127: 2080-2089.
20. Nosarti C, Al-Asady MH, Frangou S, Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Murray RM. Adolescents who were born very preterm have decreased brain volumes. Brain 2002; 125: 1616-1623.
21. Isaacs EB, Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins KE, Lucas,A, Mishkin M, Gadian DG. Developmental amnesia and its relationship to degree of hippocampal atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 13060-13063.
22. Isaacs E, Lucas A, Chong WK, Wood SJ, Johnson CL, Marshall C et al. Hippocampal volume and everyday memory in children of very low birth weight. Ped Res 2000; 47: 713-720.
23. Abernethy LJ, Palaniappan M, Cooke RW. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in survivors of very low birth weight. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 279-283.
24. Giménez M, Junqué C, Narberhaus A, Caldú X, Salgado P, Bargalló N, et al. Hippocampal gray matter reduction associates with memory deficits in adolescents with history of prematurity. NeuroImage 2004; 23: 869-877.
25. Allin M, Salaria S, Nosarti C, Wyatt J, Rifkin L, Murray RM. Vermis and lateral lobes of the cerebellum in adolescents born very preterm. Neuroreport 2005; 16: 1821-1824.
26. Ajayi-Obe M, Saeed N, Cowan FM, Rutherford MA, Edwards AD. Reduced development of cerebral cortex in extremely preterm infants. Lancet 2000; 356: 1162-1163.
27. Lawrence EJ, McGuire PK, Allin M, Walshe M, Giampietro V, Murray RM et al. The very preterm brain in young adulthood: the neural correlates of verbal paired associate learning. J Pediatr 2010; 156: 889-895.
28. Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Amess PN, Kirk bride V, Townsend JP, Miller DH et al. Brain structure and neurocognitive and behavioural function in adolescents who were born very preterm. Lancet 1999; 353: 1653-1657.
29. O’Brien F, Roth S, Stewart A, Rifkin L, Rushe T, Wyatt J. The neurodevelopmental progress of infants less than 33 weeks into adolescence. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89: 207-211.
30. van Baar AL, van Wassenaer AG, Briët JM, Dekker FW, Kok JH. Very preterm birth is associated with disabilities in multiple developmental domains. J Pediatr Psychol 2005; 30: 247-255.
31. Bhutta AT, Cleves MA, Casey PH, Cra dock MM, Anand KJ. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288: 728-737.
32. Salt A, Redshaw M. Neurodevelopmental follow-up after preterm birth: follow up after two years. Early Hum Dev 2006; 82: 185-197.
33. Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Executive functioning in school-aged children who were born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight in the 1990s. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 50-57.
34. Luciana M, Lindeke L, Georgieff M, Mills M, Nelson CA. Neurobehavioral evidence for working-memory deficits in school-aged children with histories of prematurity. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999; 41: 521-533.
35. Luciana M. Cognitive development in children born preterm: implications for theories of brain plasticity following early injury. Dev Psychopathol 2003; 15: 1017-1047.
36. Taylor HG, Minich N, Bangert B, Filipek PA, Hack M. Long-term neuropsychological outcomes of very low birth weight: associations with early risks for periventricular brain insults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004; 10: 987-1004.
37. Bayless S, Stevenson J. Executive functions in school-age children born very prematurely. Early Hum Dev 2007; 83: 247-254.
38. Böhm B, Smedler AC, Forssberg H. Im pulse control, working memory and other executive functions in preterm children when starting school. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 1363-1371.
39. Rushe TM, Rifkin L, Stewart AL, Town send JP, Roth SC, Wyatt JS et al. Neuropsychological outcome at adolescence of very preterm birth and its relation to brain structure. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001; 43: 226-233.
40. Böhm B, Katz-Salamon M, Institute K, Smedler AC, Lagercrantz H, Forssberg H. Developmental risks and protective factors for influencing cognitive outcome at 5 1/2 years of age in very-low-birthweight children. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002; 44: 508-516.
41. Nosarti C, Giouroukou E, Micali N, Rifkin L, Morris RG, Murray RM. Impaired executive functioning in young adults born very preterm. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13: 571-581.
42. Härd AL, Niklasson A, Svensson E, Hellström A. Visual function in school-aged children born before 29 weeks of gestation: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000; 42: 100-105.
43. Isaacs EB, Edmonds CJ, Chong WK, Lucas A, Gadian DG. Cortical anomalies associated with visuospatial processing deficits. Ann Neurol 2003; 53: 768-773.
44. Goyen TA, Lui K, Woods R. Visual-motor, visual-perceptual, and fine motor outcomes in very-low-birthweight children at 5 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998; 40: 76-81.
45. Foster-Cohen S, Edgin JO, Champion PR, Woodward LJ. Early delayed language development in very preterm infants: evidence from the MacArthur-Bates CDI. J Child Lang 2007; 34: 655-675.
46. Briscoe J, Gathercole SE, Marlow N. Short-term memory and language outcomes after extreme prematurity at birth. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1998; 41: 654-666.
47. Saavalainen P, Luoma L, Bowler D, Ti monen T, Määttä S, Laukkanen E et al. Naming skills of children born preterm in comparison with their term peers at the ages of 9 and 16 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006; 48: 28-32.
48. Saigal S, den Ouden L, Wolke D, Hoult L, Paneth N, Streiner DL et al. School-age outcomes in children who were extremely low birth weight from four international population-based cohorts. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 943-950.
49. Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Neurobehavioral outcomes of school-age children born extremely low birth weight or very preterm in the 1990s. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 289: 3264-3272.
50. Whitaker AH, Feldman JF, Lorenz JM, Shen S, McNicholas F, Nieto M. et al. Motor and cognitive outcomes in nondisabled low-birth-weight adolescents: early determinants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160: 1040-1046.
51. Hack M, Flannery DJ, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N. Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 149-157.
52. Zola SM, Squire LR, Teng E, Stefanacci L, Buffalo EA, Clark RE. Impairment recognition memory in monkeys after damage limited to the hippocampal region. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 451-463.
53. Ben-Ari Y. Effects of anoxia and aglycemia on the adult and immature hippocampus. Biol Neonate 1992; 62: 225-230.
54. Rose SA, Feldman JF, Jankowski JJ. Atention and recognition memory in the 1st year of life: a longitudinal study of preterm and full-term infants. Dev Psychol 2001; 37: 135-151.
55. Woodward LJ, Edgin JO, Thompson D, Inder TE. Object working memory deficits predicted by early brain injury and development in the preterm infant. Brain 2005; 128: 2578-2587.
56. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Smidts DP, Oosterlaan J, Duivenvoorden HJ, Weisglas-Kuperus N. Executive function in very preterm children at early school age. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2009; 37: 981-993.
57. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics 2009; 124: 717-728.
58. Caravale B, Tozzi C, Albino G, Vicari S. Cognitive development in low risk preterm infants at 3-4 years of life. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90: F474-479.
59. Rodrigues MC, Mello RR, Fonseca SC. Learning difficulties in schoolchildren born with very low birth weight. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2006; 82: 6-14.
60. Downie AL, Frisk V, Jakobson LS. The impact of periventricular brain injury on reading and spelling abilities in the late elementary and adolescent years. Child Neuropsychol 2005; 11: 479-495.
61. Mulder H, Pitchford NJ, Marlow N. Processing speed and working memory underlie academic attainment in very preterm children. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2010; 95: F267-272.
62. Curtis WJ, Zhuang J, Townsend EL, Hu X, Nelson CA. Memory in early adolescents born prematurely: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Dev Neuropsychol 2006; 29: 341-377.
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